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Nature Food volume 2, pages 655–663 (2021)
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The recent development of true cost accounting (TCA) methodologies by various organizations has helped increase transparency in the food sector, but has also made it difficult to compare the results obtained through different methodologies. Here we review major TCA methodologies across five functional units that their assessment framework(s) apply to—namely product, organization, system, geography and investment. Our results show that the bulk of existing frameworks apply to products and/or organizations. According to publicly available documents and case studies published by the framework proponents, we found measurements of externality/dependency, the inclusion of economic, environmental and social effects, as well as the use of comparable metrics to be areas of general consensus; suggested indicators, monetization and aggregation emerged as areas of general divergence. The differences between TCA methodologies identified in this study indicate that collaboration between frameworks is key to their harmonization, ultimately making results more comparable and facilitating engagement in TCA.
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This research was made possible through the support of the True Cost Accounting Accelerator, a project of the Global Alliance for the Future of Food.
Impact Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Reinier de Adelhart Toorop, Jude Bernard & Adrian de Groot Ruiz
Global Alliance for the Future of Food, c/o Meridian Institute, Dillon, CO, USA
Jenn Yates
World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Chemin Eugène-Rigot, Geneva, Switzerland
Matthew Watkins
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Correspondence to Reinier de Adelhart Toorop.
R.d.A.T., J.B. and A.d.G.R. are currently employed by the Impact Institute, which developed the IP&L methodology mentioned in this work. They are also involved in the development of the True Price methodology. Additionally, A.d.G.R. worked on case studies for TEEBAgriFood, also cited in this work. J.Y. and M.W. declare no competing interests.
Peer review information Nature Food thanks Isabel Hoffmann and Carl Obst for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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de Adelhart Toorop, R., Yates, J., Watkins, M. et al. Methodologies for true cost accounting in the food sector. Nat Food 2, 655–663 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00364-z
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Received: 21 April 2021
Accepted: 10 August 2021
Published: 20 September 2021
Issue Date: September 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00364-z
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